Fate of a Mustard Ghost Moth

Mustard Ghost Moth (Abantiades hyalinatus) adults are beautiful. The forewings vary from orange to 'mustard' colour, some with bright silver markings, while the hind wings are an impressive purple. And they're big, with a wingspan of at least 120mm. They appear in late summer, but never in large numbers.
It is perhaps not surprising that such fat-bodied insects attract the attention of a range of hungry predators. I witnessed one such encounter and was amazed by what I saw.
As I was wandering about the block, camera in hand, this Black-faced Monarch landed on a nearby perch. It sat quite still, watching me, and I was able to capture several shots. These beautiful summer visitors, are breeding migrants, arriving in Spring and flying north again in March.
Suddenly the Monarch started to gag and I was amazed to see the bird regurgitate a huge, intact Mustard Ghost Moth. And, more amazing still - the moth was clearly alive!
Now, I am aware that birds have a crop where they can store food before it passes on to the stomach. But I really didn't expect a bird this size to have a crop large enough to hold such a huge, living moth!
Holding the insect under one foot, the Monarch attacked the head and thorax with its curved, blue beak. After a brief battle, the insect stopped fluttering - the bird had clearly won.
However, the Monarch wasn't the ultimate victor. A Grey Shrike-thrush, a much larger bird, swooped in and stole the prize. Unfortunately, it happened too quickly for me, and I missed capturing a shot. The winner landed high in the canopy and proceeded to consume its meal.
Fairy-wrens are settling in to breed, taking advantage of spiky dead vegetation.
One month since The Fire and our home bird list is growing. Some of our regular forest birds are returning, but there are some unusual visitors too. We’re hoping they don’t all stay!
In the Winter-quiet of the forest, the soft calls and feeding sounds of Glossy Black-Cockatoos can be heard.
Watching a group of Glossy Black-Cockatoos this week led me to think more about how they feed.
There are few plants flowering at the moment, but Banksia spinulosa is looking quite spectacular. Low light, brilliant flowers, and a beautiful bird - an Autumn afternoon treat.
It's a lucky day when we see the Glossies feeding ... but to see them breeding is a rare sight indeed.
Breeding season is a challenging time for birds, even for a species as boisterous and bossy as the Yellow-faced Honeyeater.
White-naped Honeyeaters consume large numbers of spiders, and leaf-curling spiders seem to be a particular favourite.
The baby Sacred Kingfishers are out and about – and seem younger than ever before!
A pair of Red-browed Finches have chosen a nearby Geebung bush as a nest site, giving us a good view of their construction activities.
Heteronympha paradelpha
Perhaps the most conspicuous group of butterflies in the south are the 'browns'. The local forests are potentially home to at least a dozen species of browns, including this Spotted Brown.
Heteronympha paradelpha adults tend to appear here in quite large numbers for a short period - perhaps a week or so - in late Summer. As is the case for most browns, the larvae feed on grasses. Here the grass favoured is one of our common species, Microlaena stipoides.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Nymphalidae; Subfamily: Satyrinae (browns)
Photo taken in February
Geitoneura acantha
The upper wings of nearly all 'browns' are variously orange, brown and black. This can make identification a bit tricky. However, this 'forest brown' is unmistakable when it perches with closed wings - the pattern is striking and unique.
We do not see Geitoneura acantha in large numbers, which is perhaps surprising as one of their favoured food plants - Microlaena stipoides - is a common grass here.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Nymphalidae; Subfamily: Satyrinae (browns)
Photo taken in January
Hypocysta metirius
Common Ringlets have quite specific areas on the block that they favour and we can reliably find the adults there throughout the Summer. That they are so common here is a little surprising, as we are at the southern extremity of their distribution. Their range extends from the tip of Cape York all the way down the east coast - to us.
They fly low to the ground and land frequently, often with wings open. As with all browns, they are a favoured food of birds and lizards. The eye spots on the hind wings must help avoid attacks to their heads ... but the wings certainly suffer as a result. Most individuals are sporting bite and tear marks to the hindwings.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Nymphalidae; Subfamily: Satyrinae (browns)
Photo taken in March
Tisiphone abeona albifascia
The Swordgrass Brown is quite large and definitely striking, with a slow, lilting flight. We typically see only one or two at any one time.
Tisiphone are unlike most other species of browns, both in their colouration and in their host plants. Their larvae feed on Gahnia species, not grasses. Males patrol these sedges on the lookout for newly-eclosed females. There are five subspecies of Tisiphone aboena, each with a distinct appearance and distribution. The subspecies we see here, T.a.ablifascia, is the most southern and occurs across eastern Victoria.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Nymphalidae; Subfamily: Satyrinae (browns)
Photo taken in February
Vanessa kershawi
The territorial behaviour of males of this species is quite astonishing to witness. It is really not something I expected to see from a butterfly! A male will guard his chosen patch of low-growing forbs and aggressively chase off passing butterflies of any species - except, presumably, receptive females of his own species.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Nymphalidae; Subfamily: Nymphalinae (nymphs)
Photo taken in November
Vanessa kershawi
For a couple of years, Vanessa kershawi was by far our most numerous and conspicuous butterfly species on the block. The genus is renown for its migrations so, perhaps, in those years we just happened to be included in their flight path. They remain a significant part of the butterfly fauna every summer, but have not been such a dominant one in the past couple of Summers.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Nymphalidae; Subfamily: Nymphalinae (nymphs)
Photo taken in November
Vanessa kershawi
I discovered this stunningly gold chrysalis hanging on a small eucalypt seedling. Not knowing what it belonged to, I collected it - and three days later a perfect Vanessa kershawi emerged.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Nymphalidae; Subfamily: Nymphalinae (nymphs)
Photo taken in January
Delias harpalyce
This is a 'southern jezabel', a member of the family Pieridae. They are quite large butterflies but we usually only see them fleetingly, as they tend to fly high in the canopy.
Their larvae feed on mistletoe, so here in the forest they no doubt use the dominant mistletoe species, Amyema pendula (Drooping Mistletoe) - which tends to grow on high branches of the tallest trees, usually at least 20 metres up.
Delias harpalyce are reported to be distasteful and perhaps even toxic to vertebrates. Presumably the classic red-yellow colouration is aposematic, a warning to insectivorous birds.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Pieridae (whites & yellows)
Photo taken in January
Jalmenus evagorus
We tend to first notice this species when we spot a denuded Acacia sapling surrounded by butterflies. As is the case for many species within this family, Jalmenus evagoras has a well-studied association with ants. The feeding larvae and pupae are tended by Iridomyrmex ants in a commensal relationship.
The 'hairstreaks' belong to the very large and diverse butterfly family, Lycaenidae.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Lycaenidae (hairstreaks, coppers & blues)
Photo taken in January
Click here to see our blog in 'News & Stories' for more images and videos of the ant-larvae interactions, and the extraordinary mating behaviour of the butterflies.
Paralucia aurifer
These tiny but brilliant butterflies almost glow in the sun. The larvae feed on Bursaria spinosa, a species with a limited distribution on the block. The spiny plant, in the same family as Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae), only grows on the rocky slopes leading down toward the river. The adults range more widely, feeding on flowering plants in all areas of the open forest.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Lycaenidae (hairstreaks, coppers & blues)
Photo taken in November
Paralucia aurifer
In this species, the underside of the female's wings are almost as beautiful as the upper surface.
The breeding biology of this species is fascinating. We have yet to witness this, but apparently the later instar caterpillars are nocturnal and ant-tended. No real surprise there, as ants associate with many species in the Lycaenidae family. The surprise is that the caterpillars then pupate within the ants' nest!
The female in this photograph is feeding on nectar from Leucopogon affinis - a flowering shrub that seems to feed dozens of the local species, invertebrate and vertebrate alike!
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Lycaenidae (hairstreaks, coppers & blues)
Photo taken in September
Candalides hyacinthinus
Some butterflies are neither large nor showy. One of the most common groups flying around low flowering plants in Summer are the 'blues'. Newly-eclosed males, like this one, can be strongly blue-purple, but many others appear worn and dull, with few coloured scales at all.
Like most butterflies, this adult is opportunistic in seeking nectar - feeding here from Leucopogon flowers. It is the larval stages that are host-specific. The caterpillars of Candalides hyacinthinus feed on Cassytha vines.
Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Lycaenidae (hairstreaks, coppers & blues)
Photo taken in September