Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
9.5 – 12mm

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Femora black with light ferrugineous apices. Tibiae and tarsi light ferrugineous.”

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Facial sculpture double, consisting of deep punctures separated by shining, finely and densely punctate interstices less than their diameter. Lower face with silvery pubescence of varying density. Frontal line absent or very indistinct.“

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Facial sculpture double, consisting of deep punctures separated by shining, finely and densely punctate interstices less than their diameter. Lower face with silvery pubescence of varying density. Frontal line absent or very indistinct.“

Sphodrotes species:
“Mandibles with externoventral notch, proximally delimited by a blunt tooth.” (p. 87)

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Mandibles densely pubescent proximally, median part ferrugineously amber, apex black to dark ferrugineous.”

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Facial foveae distinct, medially bordered by a longitudinal elevation.” “Antennal colour varying from almost quite dark brown or black to light yelowish ferrugineous.”

Sphodrotes species:
“Pronotum short. Axillae shining smooth.”
“Propodeal synsclerite: Dorsal enclosure only indicated by a shallow, indistinctly pitted, groove.” (p.87)

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Propodeum. Dorsal face with a weak, median carina (absent in some specimens), remaining surface strongly reticulate. Posterolateral areas with dense, silvery pubescence, teeth absent or only slightly indicated. Lateral faces coarsely striate medially. Posterior face with superficial, transverse striation.”

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Propodeum. Dorsal face with a weak, median carina (absent in some specimens), remaining surface strongly reticulate. Posterolateral areas with dense, silvery pubescence, teeth absent or only slightly indicated. Lateral faces coarsely striate medially. Posterior face with superficial, transverse striation.”

Sphodrotes species:
“One or two posterolateral prominences usually present, less pronounced in males than in females.”

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Posterolateral areas with dense, silvery pubescence, teeth absent or only slightly indicated. Lateral faces coarsely striate medially. Posterior face with superficial, transverse striation.”

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Thorax, incl. pronotal lobes black, strongly and densely punctate, punctation on scutum not as strong as that of frons, interstices even, finely punctate.” “Anterodorsal mesopleuron very strongly sculptured, punctures pit-like. Episternal sulcus deep.” “Entire mesopleuron with thin greyish-white pubescence.”

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Anterodorsal mesopleuron very strongly sculptured, punctures pit-like. Episternal sulcus deep. Hypoepimeral area with coarse, reticulo-striate sculpture. Entire mesopleuron with thin greyish-white pubescence.”

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Gaster black, apical tergal margins slightly ferruginously transparent. Pubescence thin, silvery to slightly golden, forming fasciae on tergum I-III.”

Sphodrotes species:
“Tergum 1 with a laterobasal, strongly raised, almost angularly projecting lamella. Sternum 1 (except in prima) with a median vault or carina terminating in a compressed tooth.” p.87

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Sternum I with indistinct median keel, posterior tooth rather weak.”

Sphodrotes species:
“Sternum 1 (except in prima) with a median vault or carina terminating in a compressed tooth.” p.87

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Sternum I with indistinct median keel, posterior tooth rather weak.”

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Gaster black, apical tergal margins slightly ferruginously transparent. Pubescence thin, silvery to slightly golden, forming fasciae on tergum I-III.”

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Fore-metatarsus with 5-6 rake spines of which the distal one is distinctly shorter than the second tarsal segment.”

[arrows indicate spines; thicker, yellow arrow is the most distal spine]

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Clypeal outline (Fig. 31), the three lateral teeth distinct, median emargination very shallow or absent.”

The arrows indicate the lateral teeth, with the innermost (dotted arrow) difficult to see beneath the fringing setae.

Sphodrotes punctuosa females:
“Clypeal outline (Fig. 31), the three lateral teeth distinct, median emargination very shallow or absent.”

The arrows indicate the lateral teeth, with the innermost (dotted arrow) difficult to see.

Sphodrotes have:
- inner margins of eyes parallel, or slightly converging below
- a wide scapal basin (most)

Sphodrotes have:
- 3 submarginal cells in the forewing
- the second submarginal cell triangular and petiolate, or at least narrowed anteriorly (arrow)
- broad genae, so the head appears rectangular when viewed dorsally
- integument strongly sculpted, and usually pitted

Occasionally I catch a female outside her burrow, grooming in the sun. Such photo opportunities are, however, quite rare. It’s normally the males that are sitting about on the vegetation.

Inspecting her chosen nest site … sandy soil beneath a layer of loose gravel, fallen leaves and twigs.

Excavation works proceed in relative obscurity. This is in stark contrast to the ‘out in the open’ approach of nest digging among some other crabronids (e.g. Cerceris, Bembix).

If I’m patient and watch a known burrow entrance, I may get a glimpse of the female returning with prey. Typically they dive into the open burrow beneath the leaf litter before I can get a good look … let alone a shot. This was my lucky day, as she landed outside before wrestling her large catch below ground.

Evans (1973) recorded Sphodrotes nemoralis in Far North QLD provisioning their nests with immature bugs (Pentatomoidea … stink bugs, etc). And it seems our local species is targeting similar prey.

Within 4 minutes she headed out again, quickly departing the area. Like many ground-nesting crabronids, Sphodrotes are susceptible to a variety of parasites and nest invaders. Avoiding detection is a priority – although a near impossibility.

hind leg, posterior view

“Tarsal rake with at most six spines. Foretarsomeres II-IV with two spines distally."

“Sternum I with a posteromedial prominence”
“Punctation stronger; deeper pits present …”

“Mainly black species” … (including: thorax, prododeum, gaster)

“Mainly black species” … (including: clypeal synsclerite, femora extensively)

“No vault between lateral ocellus and inner orbita.”

“Character combination different” … (gaster NOT mainly ferrugineous)

“Sculpture on head, thorax and gaster very strong, punctures pit-like, very closely set”

“Sculpture on head, thorax and gaster very strong, punctures pit-like, very closely set”

“Profile of second sternum not strongly bent.”

“Trochanters and proximal part of femora black or brownish.”
(this image: left hind leg, viewed posteriorly)

“First gastral segment not elongate … , its yellowish ferrugineous markings much reduced, absent or replaced by a reddish ferrugineous colouring. Pubescence much sparser, only slightly golden, brassy or silvery, or indistinct.”

“First gastral segment not elongate … , its yellowish ferrugineous markings much reduced, absent or replaced by a reddish ferrugineous colouring. Pubescence much sparser, only slightly golden, brassy or silvery, or indistinct.”

“Vertex and genae not strongly developed”

“Posterolateral faces of propodeal synsclerite almost evenly rounded, without projecting teeth, at most with a weak dilation.”

“Femora almost entirely black.”

Note that in S. ordinaria (a widespread species which is otherwise very similar to S. punctuosa), Lomholdt describes the female leg colour as “Femora 2 and 3 ferrugineous along dorsal faces.”

“Gaster black, terga without or with very indistinct apical ferrugineous bands.”

BODY LENGTH

Based on 10 specimens, Lomholdt gave the size range as 9.5-12mm.

2512D has a body length of ~9.5mm

HEAD

“Lower face with silvery pubescence of varying density.”

[genus-level description: "Inner orbita parallel or slightly converging ventrally.” …. “Female clypeal synsclerite (i.e. clypeus + lateroclypeus) with a wide median, slightly arcuately convex lobe usually slightly emarginate medially, three small rounded lateral teeth or nodules usually present.”]

HEAD

“Facial sculpture double, consisting of deep punctures separated by shining, finely and densely punctate interstices less than their diameter.”

HEAD

“Frontal line absent or very indistinct. Facial foveae distinct, medially bordered by a longitudinal elevation.”

“Antennal colour varying from almost quite dark brown or black to light yellowish ferrugineous. First flagellomere three times longer than wide (27:9).”

[genus-level description: “Lateral ocelli circular.” … “A wide, shallow facial depression above the antennal sockets (the “scapal basin” of Bohart & Menke, 1976) present in most species.” …. “Both a frontal line (or carina) and facial foveae usually present, most distinct in females.”]

HEAD

“Clypeal outline (Fig. 31), the three lateral teeth distinct, median emargination very shallow or absent.”

HEAD

“Mandibles densely pubsecent proximally, median part ferrugineously amber, apex black to dark ferrugineous.”

[genus-level description: “Mandibles with externoventral notch, proximally delimited by a blunt tooth.”]

HEAD

[genus-level description: “Occipital carina usually highly raised, not joining hypostomal carina.”]

THORAX

“Thorax, inc. pronotal lobes black, strongly and densely punctate, punctation on scutum not as strong as that of frons, interstices even, finely punctate.”

[genus-level description: “Pronotum short, collar usually with a low, median swelling. Axillae shining smooth.”]

[genus-level description: “Anterolateral part of mesopleuron plane.”]

THORAX

“Pronotal collar with a small, shining, median tubercle, posterior margin with silvery or slightly brassy pubescence.”

Note: I don’t see the median tubercle described by Lomholdt.

[genus-level description: “Occipital carina usually highly raised, not joining hypostomal carina”.]

THORAX

“Pronotal collar with a small, shining, median tubercle, posterior margin with silvery or slightly brassy pubescence.”

Note: I don’t see the median tubercle described by Lomholdt.

THORAX

“Anterodorsal mesopleuron very strongly sculptured, punctures pit-like. Episternal sulcus deep. Hypopimeral area with coarse, reticulo-striate sculpture. Entire mesopleuron with thin greyish-white pubescence.”

PROPODEUM

“Dorsal face with a weak, median carina (absent in some specimens), remaining surface strongly reticulate. Posterolateral areas with dense, silvery pubescence, teeth absent or only slightly indicated. Lateral faces coarsely striate medially. Posterior face with superficial, transverse striation.”

[genus-level description: “One or two posterolateral prominences usually present, less pronounced in males than in females.”]

PROPODEUM

“Dorsal face with a weak, median carina (absent in some specimens), remaining surface strongly reticulate. Posterolateral areas with dense, silvery pubescence, teeth absent or only slightly indicated. Lateral faces coarsely striate medially. Posterior face with superficial, transverse striation.”

[genus-level description: “One or two posterolateral prominences usually present, less pronounced in males than in females. Dorsal face with a median carina terminating in a shallow depression, this face otherwise with strong, irregular, radiating rugae, or foveolate. Dorsal enclosure only indicated by a shallow, indistinctly pitted, groove.”]

GASTER

“Gastral black, apical tergal margins slightly ferrugineously transparent. Pubescence thin, silvery to slightly golden, forming fasciae on tergum I-III.”

GASTER

“Gastral black, apical tergal margins slightly ferrugineously transparent. Pubescence thin, silvery to slightly golden, forming fasciae on tergum I-III.”

GASTER

“Sternum I with indistinct median keel, posterior tooth rather weak”.

GASTER

“Sternum I with indistinct median keel, posterior tooth rather weak”.

[genus-level description: “Tergum 1 with a laterobasal, strongly raised, almost angularly projecting lamella. Sternum 1 (except in prima) with a median vault or carina terminating in a compressed tooth.”]

GASTER

[genus-level description: “Terminal tergum without pygidial plate.”]

LEGS

“Femora black with light ferrugineous apices. Tibiae and tarsi light ferrugineous.”

LEGS

“Foremetatarsus with 5-6 rake spines of which the distal one is distinctly shorter than the second tarsal segment.”

[genus-level description: “Females with well developed tarsal rake and – at least indications of – a psammophore.”]

WINGS

“Wings slightly infumate.”

[genus-level description: “Forewings with three submarginal cells of which the second is petiolate. Both recurrent veins received by the second submarginal cell, or the first being interstitial, or even joining first submarginal cell in single specimens.”]